Keywords: Chinese ammonia, Indian ammonia, LAC, Rectisol, joint ventures, gas purification, residue oil, partial oxidation, air separation.

This paper outlines the changes in contracting ammonia plant projects observed in the past 30 years.

These observations are influenced by the point of view of the individual contractor and also consider plant revamps to keep existing plants economical. This paper focuses on the development of the ammonia industry in China and India, as it is seen from an involved technology provider, EP contractor and manufacturer of special equipment.

Dr Paul Kummann, Linde AG, Engineering Division, Department HVP, Dr. Carl von Linde Straße 6-14, D-82049 Pullach, Germany.

24 pages, 9 tables, 9 figures, 4 references.